ࡱ> Q yfbjbj++ 8IoeIoeM^+ 8|6sp>& 6666666$|82;r36%%%36H6'''%F 6'% 6''r}0T}1b?&F05^6060;&v;}1;}1|2' "y2223636&2226%%%%;222222222 : Gizachew Tiruneh The University of Central Arkansas Department of Government, Public Service, and International Studies 201 Donaghey Avenue Conway, AR 72035 Tel. # (501) 450-5690 E-mail: gtiruneh@uca.edu ED ÿմվTION Ph.D., Political Science, Binghamton University, SUNY, August 2001 Major Field: Comparative Politics Minor Field: International Relations Dissertation: Democratization in Africa: A Cross-National Analysis MBA, Computer Information Systems, Baruch College, CUNY, January 1993 BBA, Finance and Investments, Baruch College, CUNY, August 1988 AS, Science/Mathematics, Bronx Community College, CUNY, January 1986 ACADEMIC POSITIONS 08/13 - Present Associate Professor, University of Central Arkansas 08/05 - 07/13 Assistant Professor, University of Central Arkansas 08/04 - 05/05 Lecturer, University of Vermont 08/00 - 05/04 Assistant Professor, University of Georgia 01/97 - 05/00 Teaching and Research Assistant, Binghamton University (SUNY) RESEARCH INTEREST Democratization in Africa, the Middle East, and worldwide Democratic theory and measurement Economic and social developments in Africa, the Middle East, and worldwide The globalization process Academic performance FIELDS OF INTEREST Comparative Politics African Politics Middle East Politics International Relations Political Methodology Political Theory AWARDS Recipient of the Ethiopian imperial title of Blaten Geta (Privy Council/Minister of Pen/Lord of Wisdom) Award from the Crown Council of Ethiopia, Alexandria, VA, in February, 2021. Recipient of the Order of the Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Honor of the Star of Ethiopia (GCSE) from the Crown Council of Ethiopia, Alexandria, VA, in February, 2021. Recipient of the Order of the Officer of the Honor of the Star of Ethiopia (OSE) from the Crown Council of Ethiopia, Alexandria, VA, in December, 2017. Recipient of the 1999 Richard Hofferbert Graduate Student Best Paper Award, Binghamton University (SUNY). PUBLICATIONS Books: Tiruneh, Gizachew. (2015). The Rise and Fall of the Solomonic Dynasty of Ethiopia: Is the Kebra Nagast a Time-Bound Document? Los Angeles: Tsehai Publishers. Tiruneh, Gizachew. (2008). When is Democracy Normal? The Relation to Demography, Market Economy, and Globalization. Lewiston, NY: The Edwin Mellen Press. Articles: Tiruneh, Gizachew. (2022). Political Stability in Africa: A Cross-National Analysis, Journal of Asian and African Studies. 57 (7): 1376-1400. Doi.org/10.1177/00219096211054401 Tiruneh, Gizachew with Feleke Asrat, Brooks Pearson, and Matthew Connelly, and Gizachew Tiruneh. (2022). Spatial Analysis of Climate Driver Impacts on Tanzania Migration Patterns. In GIS and Spatial Analysis, Jorge Rocha, Eduardo Gomes, Ines Boavida-Portugal, and Claudia M. Viana Jorge, eds. London: InTech Open. PP. 1-21. Tiruneh, Gizachew with T. Price Dooley and Joe Howard. (2021). What Determines the Political Orientations of College Students: A Comparative Study of Two Universities? Midsouth Political Science Review. 21: 23-55. Tiruneh, Gizachew. (2014). The Kebra Nagast: Can Its Secrets Be Revealed? International Journal of Ethiopian Studies. 8: 51-72. Tiruneh, Gizachew. (2014). Social Revolutions: Their Causes, Types, and Phases. Sage Open. 4: 1-12. DOI: 10.1177/2158244014548845. Tiruneh, Gizachew. (2013). Does Social Background Influence Political Science Grades. Current Issues in Education. 16 (2): 1-13. Tiruneh, Gizachew. (2009). Determinants of Adult HIV/AIDS Prevalence in Africa: Do Cultural Variations Matter? Midsouth Political Science Review. 10: 103-124. Tiruneh, Gizachew. (2008). Can Africa Tap the Benefits of Economic Development? Current Politics and Economics of Africa. 1 (1): 47-60. Tiruneh, Gizachew. (2008). Democracy, In International Encyclopedia of Social Sciences. 2nd edition. William A. Darity, editor-in-chief. Macmillan. pp. 272-276. Tiruneh, Gizachew. (2008). Political Power, In International Encyclopedia of Social Sciences. 2nd edition. William A. Darity, editor-in-chief. Macmillan. pp. 415-417. Tiruneh, Gizachew. (2007). Does Attendance Enhance Political Science Grades? Journal of Political Science Education. 3(3): 265-276. Tiruneh, Gizachew. (2006). Regime Type and Economic Growth in Africa: A Cross-National Analysis, The Social Science Journal. 43(1): 3-18. Tiruneh, Gizachew. (2004). Towards Normal Democracy: Theory and Prediction with Special Reference to the Developing Countries, Journal of Social, Political and Economic Studies. 29 (4). 470-489. Tiruneh, Gizachew. (2004). Democratic Development in Botswana and Tunisia: A Comparative Analysis, Journal of Contemporary African Studies. 22 (1): 13-28. INVITED CONTRIBUTIONS Tiruneh, Gizachew. (2020). The Kebra Nagast, World Epics program, Department of Italian, Columbia University,  HYPERLINK "https://edblogs.columbia.edu/worldepics/project/kebra-nagast/" https://edblogs.columbia.edu/worldepics/project/kebra-nagast/. Tiruneh, Gizachew, (2017). Is Social Revolution a Passing Phenomenon? Sociology International Journal. 1(2): 00007. DOI: 10.15406/sij.2017.01.00007. OTHER METHODOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS Tiruneh, Gizachew. (2010). Age and Winning Professional Golf Tournaments, Journal of Quantitative Analysis in Sports. 6 (1), Article 5. DOI: 10.2202/1559-0410.1209. Tiruneh, Gizachew. (2009). The Relationship between Physical Activity and Body Mass Index: Issues in Model Specification, International Journal on Disability and Human Development. 8 (3): 267-275. METHODOLOGICAL PAPER UPLOADED ON A SCIENTIFIC DATABASE Tiruneh, Gizachew. (2009). Explaining Planetary-Rotation Periods Using an Inductive Method, arXiv:0906.3531v2 [astro-ph.SR]. Paper can be accessed at http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/arxiv/pdf/0906/0906.3531v2.pdf. MEMOIR ABOUT MY POLITICAL PERSECUTION Tiruneh, Gizachew. (2014). On the Run in the Blue Nile: A True Story. CreateSpace. [A 400-page long memoir about my political persecution during the Ethiopian Revolution in the late 1970s and early 1980s]. WORKS-IN-PROGRESS The Political History of Ethiopia, book project OPINION PIECES PUBLISHED IN ONLINE MEDIA Tiruneh, Gizachew. (October 13, 2017). From Vladimir Lenin to Vladimir Putin: The Unique Dynamics of Russian Politics.  HYPERLINK "https://ethioexplorer.com/vladimir-lenin-vladimir-putin-unique-dynamics-russian-politics-gizachew-tiruneh-ph-d/" https://ethioexplorer.com/vladimir-lenin-vladimir-putin-unique-dynamics-russian-politics-gizachew-tiruneh-ph-d/ Tiruneh, Gizachew. (September 10, 2017). Why Did Hilary Clinton Lose the 2016 Presidential Election? The Bernie Effect Revisited.  HYPERLINK "https://ethioexplorer.com/hilary-clinton-lose-2016-presidential-election-bernie-effect-revisited-gizachew-tiruneh-ph-d-revisited/" https://ethioexplorer.com/hilary-clinton-lose-2016-presidential-election-bernie-effect-revisited-gizachew-tiruneh-ph-d-revisited/ Tiruneh, Gizachew. (August 15, 2017). Why Did Hilary Clinton Lose the 2016 Presidential Election? The Bernie Effect.  HYPERLINK "https://ethioexplorer.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Presidential-Election-Why-Clinton-Lost-2017.pdf" https://ethioexplorer.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Presidential-Election-Why-Clinton-Lost-2017.pdf Tiruneh, Gizachew. (November 1, 2016). An Institution That Can Unite All Ethiopians.  HYPERLINK "http://abbaymedia.net/an-institution-that-can-unite-all-ethiopians-by-gizachew-tiruneh-ph-d/" http://abbaymedia.net/an-institution-that-can-unite-all-ethiopians-by-gizachew-tiruneh-ph-d/ CONFERENCE PARTICIPATION Tiruneh, Gizachew. (2023). Moderator, International Relations/Comparative Politics section roundtable, Arkansas Political Science Association Annual Meeting, March 03-04, Conway, AR. Tiruneh, Gizachew. (2023). Chair and Discussant, International Relations/Comparative section student panel, Arkansas Political Science Association Annual Meeting March 03-04, Conway, AR. Tiruneh, Gizachew. (2022). Chair and Discussant, International Relations/Comparative Politics section student panel, Arkansas Political Science Association Annual Meeting (virtual gathering), March 03-04, Mongolia, AR. Tiruneh, Gizachew. (2021). Chair and Discussant, International Relations/Comparative Politics section student panel, Arkansas Political Science Association Annual Meeting (virtual gathering), February 25-26, Fort Smith, AR. Tiruneh, Gizachew. (2020). Chair and Discussant, International Relations/Comparative section student panel, Arkansas Political Science Association Annual Meeting March 06-07, Arkadelphia, AR. Tiruneh, Gizachew. (2019). Participant, Comparative Politics/International Relations Roundtable: Africa. I spoke about: The Democratization Process in Africa. Arkansas Political Science Association Annual Meeting, March 08-09, Fayetteville, AR. Asrat, Feleke, Brooks Pearson, Matthew Connelly, and Gizachew Tiruneh. (2019). Spatial Analysis of the Impact of Climate Drivers on Migration in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Case of Tanzania. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Association of Geographers (AAG), April 10-14, New Orleans, LA. Tiruneh, Gizachew. (2017). What Determines the Political Stability of Africa: A Cross-National Analysis. Paper Presented at the Southern Political Science Association Annual Meeting, January 12-14, New Orleans, LA. Tiruneh, Gizachew. (2017). Chair, Comparative Politics: Developing Areas Panel. Southern Political Science Association Annual Meeting, January 12-14, New Orleans, LA. Tiruneh, Gizachew. (2017). Chair and Discussant, Comparative Politics Panel. Arkansas Political Science Association Annual Meeting, March 03-04, Russellville, AR. Dooley, T. Price, Gizachew Tiruneh, and Joseph Howard. (2016): What Determines the Political Orientations of College Students? A Comparative Study of Two Universities. Paper Presented at the Southern Political Science Association Annual Meeting, January 07-09, San Juan, Puerto Rico. Tiruneh, Gizachew. (2016). Chair, Media and Politics Panel. Southern Political Science Association Annual Meeting, January 12-14, San Juan, Puerto Rico. Tiruneh, Gizachew. (2016). Meet the Author, Made a Presentation about my 2015 book, The Rise and Fall of the Solomonic Dynasty of Ethiopia, at the Arkansas Political Science Association Annual Meeting, Feb. 26-27, 2016, Monticello, AR. Tiruneh, Gizachew. (2015). Section Chair/Coordinator, Comparative Politics/International Relations section. Arkansas Political Science Association Annual Meeting, February 27-28, Conway AR [Hendrix College]. Tiruneh, Gizachew. (2014). Chair and Discussant, Student Panel on International Politics. Arkansas Political Science Association Annual Meeting, February 28 - March 01, Searcy, AR. Tiruneh, Gizachew. (2013). Chair and Discussant, Student Panel on Comparative Politics/International Relations. Arkansas Political Science Association Annual Meeting, March 01- 02, Arkadelphia, AR. Tiruneh, Gizachew. (2013). Participant, Comparative Politics/International Relations Roundtable on Issues in Comparative Politics. Arkansas Political Science Association Annual Meeting, March 01-02, Arkadelphia, AR. Tiruneh, Gizachew. (2012). Section Chair/Coordinator, Comparative Politics/International Relations section. Arkansas Political Science Association Annual Meeting, February 24-25, Conway AR [ ÿմվ]. Tiruneh, Gizachew. (2012). Participant, Comparative Politics/International Relations Roundtable on Issues in Comparative Politics. Arkansas Political Science Association Annual Meeting, February 24-25, Conway, AR. Tiruneh, Gizachew. (2012). Chair and Discussant, Panel on Comparative Politics/International Relations. Arkansas Political Science Association Annual Meeting, February 24-25, Conway AR. Tiruneh, Gizachew. (2011). Discussant, Panel on International Conflict and Conflict Management, Arkansas Political Science Association, March4-5, Little Rock, AR. Tiruneh, Gizachew. (2010). What Causes Social Revolutions. Paper Presented at the Southern Political Science Association Annual Meeting, January 7- 9, Atlanta, GA. Tiruneh, Gizachew. (2010). Does Social Background Influence Political Science Grades? Paper Presented at the Southern Political Science Association Annual Meeting, January 7- 9, Atlanta, GA. Tiruneh, Gizachew. (2010). Convener, IR/Comparative section, Roundtable on U.S. Foreign Policy and Foreign Relations, Arkansas Political Science Association Annual Meeting, February 26-27, Jonesboro, AR. Tiruneh, Gizachew. (2009). Chair, IR/Comparative section, Arkansas Political Science Association Annual Meeting, February 27-28, Russellville, AR. Tiruneh, Gizachew. (2009). Chair and Discussant, International Relations/Comparative Politics Roundtable on America and the World: Assessing Global Reactions to the Change of Guards at the White House, Arkansas Political Science Association Annual Meeting, February 27-28, Russellville, AR. Tiruneh, Gizachew. (2008). Discussant, Panel on Issues in International Relations / Comparative Politics, Arkansas Political Science Association Annual Meeting, February 22-23, Fayetteville, AR. Tiruneh, Gizachew. (2006). Discussant, Student Panel on International Relations / Comparative Politics, Arkansas Political Science Association Annual Meeting, February 17 18, Arkadelphia, AR. Tiruneh, Gizachew. (2006). Discussant, Panel on New Approaches to Understanding Developing Countries, Southern Political Science Association Annual Meeting, January 5 7, Atlanta, GA. Tiruneh, Gizachew. (2006). Determinants of HIV/AIDS Prevalence in Africa: A Cross-National Analysis. Paper Presented at the Southern Political Science Association Annual Meeting, Jan. 05-07, Atlanta, GA. Tiruneh, Gizachew. (2005). What Can We Learn from the Comparative Analysis of Political Democracy and Life Expectancy? An Interdisciplinary Approach. Paper Prepared for Presentation at the Southern Political Science Association Annual Meeting, Jan. 06-08, New Orleans, LA. Tiruneh, Gizachew. (2002). Chair and Discussant, Panel on Consequences of Terrorism and Political Violence, Southern Political Science Association Annual Meeting, Nov. 7 9, Savannah, GA. Tiruneh, Gizachew. (2001). Democratic Development in Botswana and Tunisia: A Comparative Analysis. Paper Presented at the African Studies Association Annual Meeting, November 14 17, Houston, TX. Tiruneh, Gizachew. (2001). Democratization in the Developing Countries: A Cross-National Analysis. Paper Presented at the Southern Political Science Association Annual Meeting, November 8 11, Atlanta, GA. Tiruneh, Gizachew. (2001). Regime Type and Economic Growth in Africa: A Cross-National Analysis. Paper Presented at the American Political Science Association Annual Meeting, Aug. 29 Sep. 2, San Francisco, CA. Tiruneh, Gizachew. (1999). The Theory and Measurement of Democracy: An Assessment of Current Practices. Paper Presented at the American Political Science Association Annual Meeting, Atlanta, GA. Tiruneh, Gizachew. (1999). Discussant, Panel on Liberalism and Democracy, American Political Science Association Annual Meeting, Atlanta, GA. Tiruneh, Gizachew. (1999). Indices of Democracy: Their Strengths and Weaknesses. Paper Presented at the Midwest Political Science Association Annual Meeting, Chicago, IL. TEACHING EXPERIENCE Introduction to Political Science, Spring 2008 present, University of Central Arkansas Governments and Politics of the Middle East, Fall 2007 present, University of Central Arkansas Dynamics of Democratization, Fall 2006 present, University of Central Arkansas Introduction to International Relations, Spring 2006 present, University of Central Arkansas International Political Economy and Globalization, Spring 2006 present, University of Central Arkansas Governments and Politics of Africa, Fall 2005 present, University of Central Arkansas Statistical Methods for Political Analysis, Fall 2005 present, University of Central Arkansas Globalization in Comparative Perspective, Seminar, Spring 2005, University of Vermont Comparative Political Systems, Fall 2004 Spring 2005, University of Vermont Introduction to African Politics, Fall 2004, Summer 2005, University of Vermont Globalization and Distributive Justice, Spring 2004, University of Georgia African Political Systems, Summer 2001 Spring 2004, University of Georgia Comparative Politics, Fall 2000 Fall 2003, University of Georgia Comparative Political Analysis, graduate seminar, Fall 2002, University of Georgia Political Development in Africa, Summer 1999, Binghamton University Introduction to Ideas and Politics (political theory), Summer 1998, Binghamton University Introduction to Comparative Politics, Fall 1997, Binghamton University UNIVERSITY SERVICES Director, The International Studies Program, Department of Political Science, Spring 2021 - present. Member, Library Committee, Fall 2016 present. Chair, College of Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences Diversity Committee, Fall 2019 Spring 2022. Member, College of Liberal Arts Diversity Committee, Spring 2017 Spring 2019. Member, University Research Council, University of Central Arkansas, Fall 2011-Spring 2015. Chair, College of Liberal Arts Research Committee, University of Central Arkansas, Fall 2011- Spring 2015. Member, College of Liberal Arts Research Committee, University of Central Arkansas, Fall 2006-Spring 2011. Member, Institutional Review Board Committee, University of Central Arkansas, Fall 2008 Spring 2013. Advisor, International Studies Club, Fall 2011 - present. Member, Curriculum Committee, University of Central Arkansas, Fall 2005 - present. Member, Recruitment Committee, University of Central Arkansas, Fall 2005 - present. Member, Curriculum Committee, University of Georgia, Fall 2002-2004 Member, Recruitment Committee, University of Georgia, Fall 2002-2004 INVITED TALKS, INTERVIEWS, AND OTHER SERVICES Featured in the ÿմվ Magazine, Fall/Winter, Volume 112, Issue 2/uca.edu/magazine on being knighted (Knight Grand Cross the Star of Ethiopia, GCSE) by the Crown Council of Ethiopia and receiving the tile of Blaten Geta (Lord of Wisdom/Minister of Pen) in March 2022.  HYPERLINK "/magazine/gizachew-tiruneh/" /magazine/gizachew-tiruneh/ Participated in a Zoom discussion about the war between Ukraine and Russia on KARK television (Capitol View program) on 02/25/2022. Gave talk to the Philosophy and Religion Studies Club at ÿմվ on November 18, 2021, on my 2015 book, The Rise and Fall of the Solomonic Dynasty of Ethiopia: Is the Kebra Nagast a Time-Bound Document? Gave a virtual talk to Dr. Michael Kithinjis Pre-Colonial African History class about the political history of Ethiopia on April 13, 2021. Gave an invited talk to the Honors College, ÿմվ, on 09/25/2020 about democracy during one of their Challenge Week 2020: Democracy, Governance, and Citizenship events. Participated in the creation of The Royal Ethiopian Geographical Society in Washington, D.C, on March 03, 2019. Organized, in collaboration with the African American and African Studies Program in the Department of History, a talk given by a Fullbright scholar from Nigeria, Dr. Michael Ogu at ÿմվ in Spring 2019. Dr. Ogu talked about the issue of population growth in Africa. Organized, on the behalf of the International Studies Club in association with the National Political Science Honors Society: Alpha Delta Theta Chapter of Pi Sigma Alpha ( ÿմվ chapter), an event featuring Mr. Muaz Mustafa, a ÿմվ graduate, and a leading face of the plight of Syrian refugees and civil war at ÿմվ on October 11, 2017. Participated in an Ad Hoc Statistics Committee in Spring 2018 (organized by Dr. Kurt Boniecki, Associate Provost for Instructional Support) to restructure the statistics courses taught in different departments and colleges. Gave a talk to the International Studies Club in 2014, 2016, and 2018 regarding my political persecution by the military/communist regime of Ethiopia in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Organized (with TEDx and the International Studies Club) a screening of a film, Red Lines, featuring Mouaz Moustafa, a graduate of the Department of Political Science at ÿմվ in 2018 and a Syrian American activist about his and his friends ordeals in the Syrian civil war on March 2, 2016. Participated in a Faculty Teach-In event that was organized by Dr. Jayme Millsap Stone, Director of Learning Communities, at the McAlister lawn on September 20, 2016. We shared our research (related to the theme of Election Politics and Policy) with students and other members of the ÿմվ community. Gave a talk to Prof. Peter Mehls upper-level political philosophy class about the political orientations of college students on February 23, 2016. Gave an interview to SBS (Australian) Radio Amharic Language Program on my book, The Rise and Fall of the Solomonic Dynasty of Ethiopia, on November 25, 2015. Gave a talk to elementary school children at the University of Central Arkansass summer camp about Ethiopias culture, history, and ecology on July 16, 2013. Gave a talk to an audience invited by Raindrop Turkish House on January 17, 2013. My talk was titled: The Arab Spring and Prospects for Democracy in the Middle East. Gave a YouTube interview on the Middle Eastern uprisings in March 2011. The interview was conducted by Venita Jenkins, Associate Director of Media Relations at ÿմվ. Gave a talk on the topic of Revolution in the Middle East on April, 14, 2011. I was invited to do the talk by the National Political Science Honors Society: Alpha Delta Theta Chapter of Pi Sigma Alpha of the ÿմվ chapter. Participated in a randomly selected faculty focus group of eight on February 17, 2010. We were invited by Provost Lance Grahn to meet with Dr. David McFarland, ÿմվs strategic planning consultant. Co-hosted with Dr. Alison Hall of the Department of Sociology a talk given by an Israeli peace activist, Gila Svirsky, at ÿմվ on September 23, 2009 at the Ida Waldron Auditorium. The talk was on the possible peace agreement between Israelis and Palestinians. Gave a talk on the topic of Challenges of Democracy in the Middle East on August 7, 2009. I was invited to participate in the conference by the Department of History at ÿմվ. The Conference for Teaching the Social Studies was intended to educate high-school teachers in Arkansas about the politics, culture, and history of the Middle East. Gave a talk to a class organized by Carey Voss, a Resident Master at Hughes Residential College, on January 29, 2009. My talk was on the political and social history of Iran. Gave a talk to a student group at ÿմվ, the United Leftist Front, about the relationship between education and democracy in Spring 2007. Served as a discussant in a forum on The Future of the United Nations in the 21st Century, organized by Dr. Mark Mullenbach of the Department of Political Science on October 21, 2005 to celebrate the 60th anniversary of the formation of the United Nations. Participated in a panel on Why U.S.? on April 3, 2003. The panel was organized by the School of Public and International Affairs and the Center for International Trade and Security at the University of Georgia about the 09/11 terrorist attack. PROFESSIONAL MEMBERSHIP Southern Political Science Association Arkansas Political Science Association PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITIES Member, Editorial Board, the Journal of Contemporary African Studies. Fall 2005 - present. MANUSCRIPT REVIEWS European Political Science Social Sciences and Humanities Open Government and Opposition Youth & Society International Journal of Social Sciences Journal of Comparative Politics Journal of Political Science Education Midsouth Political Science Review Journal of Quantitative Analysis in Sports      PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 4 Bw C E k < = B J ݴݘthtYݧLh!R5CJOJQJaJhlh&VCJOJQJaJh~CJOJQJaJh&VCJOJQJaJhWCJOJQJaJhCJOJQJaJhlhCJOJQJaJh5CJOJQJaJhlhWCJOJQJaJhn4F5CJOJQJaJhS5CJOJQJaJhlh5CJOJQJaJhlh5hAhCJ$aJ$4x C k = > = gd$a$gd$a$gdA      = C D K O v w } ~  赩ее莝Нuh5CJOJQJaJhCJOJQJaJhlh:!CJOJQJaJh:!CJOJQJaJhICJOJQJaJh&VCJOJQJaJhlhCJOJQJaJh\CJOJQJaJheeCJOJQJaJhjTCJOJQJaJh]CJOJQJaJ(= p   N q    , B [ r DEgdgd$gd  , > ? 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